Bases científicas del principio de curación homeopática en la farmacología moderna / Scientific bases of the homeopathic healing principle in modern pharmacology

La homeopatía emplea el denominado 'principio de similares' como método terapéutico ­ el cual consiste en administrar medicamentos que provocan ciertos síntomas en individuos sanos para tratar síntomas similares en individuos enfermos (similia similibus curantur) - para inducir una reacción curativa secundaria del cuerpo en contra de sus propios trastornos. Esta reacción secundaria (vital, homeostática o paradójica) del cuerpo se basa en el 'efecto de rebote' de los fármacos modernos, un tipo de evento adverso que se produce después de interrumpir varias clases de fármacos prescritos según el 'principio de los contrarios' (contraria contrariis curantur). Objetivo: La presente revisión ha buscado justificar científicamente el principio de curación homeopática frente a la farmacología clínica y experimental a través de un estudio sistemático del efecto de rebote de los fármacos modernos o reacción paradójica del cuerpo. Métodos: Empleando como referencia estudios y revisiones sobre el tema publicados a partir de 1998, actualizamos los datos añadiendo estudios recientes incluidos en la base de datos PubMed. Resultados: El efecto de rebote se produce después de interrumpir varias clases de fármacos con acción contraria a los síntomas de las enfermedades, exacerbándolos a niveles superiores a aquellos previos al tratamiento. Independientemente de la enfermedad, fármaco, dosis y duración del tratamiento, el fenómeno del rebote se manifiesta en una pequeña proporción de los individuos susceptibles. Siguiendo las premisas homeopáticas, los fármacos modernos también podrían usarse según el principio de la similitud terapéutica, empleando entonces el efecto de rebote (reacción paradójica) con propósito curativo. Conclusiones: Evidenciado por cientos de estudios que constatan la similitud de conceptos y manifestaciones, el efecto de rebote de los fármacos modernos justifica científicamente el principio de la cura homeopática. Aunque el fenómeno de rebote es un evento adverso estudiado por la farmacología moderna, no es conocido por los profesionales de la atención médica, lo cual priva a los médicos de un conocimiento indispensable para el manejo seguro de los fármacos.

Homeopathy employs the so-called 'principle of similars' as therapeutic method - which consists in administering medicines that cause certain symptoms in healthy individuals to treat similar symptoms in sick individuals (similia similibus curantur) - to induce a secondary and healing reaction by the body against its own disorders. This secondary (vital, homeostatic or paradoxical) reaction of the body is based on the 'rebound effect' of modern drugs, a type of adverse event that occurs following discontinuation of several classes of drugs prescribed according to the 'principle of contraries' (contraria contrariis curantur). Aim: The present review sought to scientifically substantiate the homeopathic healing principle vis-à-vis experimental and clinical pharmacology through a systematic study of the rebound effect of modern drugs or paradoxical reaction of the body. Methods: Employing as reference studies and revisions on the subject published since 1998, we updated the data adding recent studies included in database PubMed. Results: The rebound effect occurs after discontinuation of several classes of drugs with action contrary to the symptoms of diseases, exacerbating them to levels above the ones before treatment. Regardless of disease, drug, dose and duration of treatment, the rebound phenomenon manifests in a small proportion of susceptible individuals. Following the homeopathic premises, modern drugs might also be used according to the principle of therapeutic similitude, thus employing the rebound effect (paradoxical reaction) with curative intent. Conclusions: Evidenced by hundreds of studies that attest to the similarity of concepts and manifestations, the rebound effect of modern drugs scientifically substantiates the principle of homeopathic cure. Although the rebound phenomenon is an adverse event studied by modern pharmacology, it is not known by health care professionals, thus depriving doctors of knowledge indispensable for safe management of drugs.

The Effect of Vitamin B6 in the Prevention of Hematological Adverse Effects of Linezolid in Patients with Chronic Osteomyelitis: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.

Background: Due to the contradictory results of the effects of Vitamin B6 in reducing the hematotoxic effects of linezolid, the present study aimed to investigate the possible role of Vitamin B6 administration in reducing linezolid-related hematological toxicities in patients with chronic osteomyelitis. Materials and Methods: In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial, patients with chronic osteomyelitis were randomly divided into two groups (n = 40 each): the intervention group received Vitamin B640 mg twice daily from the beginning of treatment with linezolid and the control group received placebo with linezolid, both for 21 days. Blood variables including hemoglobin (Hb), white blood cells (WBC), and platelets (PLT) were measured at baseline and at the end of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd weeks (days 7, 14, and 21) of the intervention. Results: There was no significant difference between the groups regarding the count of WBC and PLT and level of Hb at evaluated time points. Furthermore, there was a significant decreasing trend in all parameters within both groups; however, the decreasing trend of both PLT and WBC was slower in the intervention (Vitamin B6) group compared to the placebo group. Conclusion: Vitamin B6 has no significant effect in the reduction of hematological adverse effects of linezolid in chronic osteomyelitis patients. However, it could retard the decreasing trend of WBC and PLT counts.

Comparison of intranasal and intramuscular naloxone in opioid overdoses managed by ambulance staff: a double-dummy, randomised, controlled trial.

AIMS: To measure and evaluate clinical response to nasal naloxone in opioid overdoses in the pre-hospital environment. DESIGN: Randomised, controlled, double-dummy, blinded, non-inferiority trial, and conducted at two centres. SETTING: Participants were included by ambulance staff in Oslo and Trondheim, Norway, and treated at the place where the overdose occurred. PARTICIPANTS: Men and women age above 18 years with miosis, rate of respiration ≤8/min, and Glasgow Coma Score <12/15 were included. Informed consent was obtained through a deferred-consent procedure. INTERVENTION AND COMPARATOR: A commercially available 1.4 mg/0.1 mL intranasal naloxone was compared with 0.8 mg/2 mL naloxone administered intramuscularly. MEASUREMENTS: The primary end-point was restoration of spontaneous respiration of ≥10 breaths/min within 10 minutes. Secondary outcomes included time to restoration of spontaneous respiration, recurrence of overdose within 12 hours and adverse events. FINDINGS: In total, 201 participants were analysed in the per-protocol population. Heroin was suspected in 196 cases. With 82% of the participants being men, 105 (97.2%) in the intramuscular group and 74 (79.6%) in the intranasal group returned to adequate spontaneous respiration within 10 minutes after one dose. The estimated risk difference was 17.5% (95% CI, 8.9%-26.1%) in favour of the intramuscular group. The risk of receiving additional naloxone was 19.4% (95% CI, 9.0%-29.7%) higher in the intranasal group. Adverse reactions were evenly distributed, except for drug withdrawal reactions, where the estimated risk difference was 6.8% (95% CI, 0.2%-13%) in favour of the intranasal group in a post hoc analysis. CONCLUSION: Intranasal naloxone (1.4 mg/0.1 mL) was less efficient than 0.8 mg intramuscular naloxone for return to spontaneous breathing within 10 minutes in overdose patients in the pre-hospital environment when compared head-to-head. Intranasal naloxone at 1.4 mg/0.1 mL restored breathing in 80% of participants after one dose and had few mild adverse reactions.

A pilot dose finding study of pioglitazone in autistic children.

Background: Pioglitazone is a promising compound for treatment of core autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptoms as it targets multiple relevant pathways, including immune system alterations. Objective: This pilot study aimed to elucidate the maximum tolerated dose, safety, preliminary evidence of efficacy, and appropriate outcome measures in autistic children ages 5-12 years old. Methods: We conducted a 16-week prospective cohort, single blind, single arm, 2-week placebo run-in, dose-finding study of pioglitazone. Twenty-five participants completed treatment. A modified dose finding method was used to determine safety and dose response among three dose levels: 0.25 mg/kg, 0.5 mg/kg, and 0.75 mg/kg once daily. Results: Maximum tolerated dose: there were no serious adverse events (SAEs) and as such the maximum tolerated dose within the range tested was 0.75 mg/Kg once daily.Safety: overall, pioglitazone was well tolerated. Two participants discontinued intervention due to perceived non-efficacy and one due to the inability to tolerate interim blood work. Three participants experienced mild neutropenia.Early evidence of efficacy: statistically significant improvement was observed in social withdrawal, repetitive behaviors, and externalizing behaviors as measured by the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC), Child Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS), and Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised (RBS-R). Forty-six percent of those enrolled were deemed to be global responders. Conclusions and relevance: Pioglitazone is well-tolerated and shows a potential signal in measures of social withdrawal, repetitive, and externalizing behaviors. Randomized controlled trials using the confirmed dose are warranted. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01205282. Registration date: September 20, 2010.

Inhibition of the Protein Phosphatase CppA Alters Development of Chlamydia trachomatis.

Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterial pathogens that undergo an essential, but poorly understood, biphasic developmental cycle transitioning between the infectious elementary body and the replicative reticulate body. Ser/Thr/Tyr phosphorylation has been increasingly recognized for its role in regulating bacterial physiology. Chlamydia spp. encode two Hanks'-type kinases in addition to a type 2C protein phosphatase (PP2C; CppA) and appears capable of global protein phosphorylation. While these findings substantiate the importance of protein phosphorylation in Chlamydia, the physiological impact of protein phosphorylation remains enigmatic. In this study, we investigated the in vivo role of CppA by using recombinant protein point mutants and small-molecule inhibitors. Recombinant CppA (rCppA) amino acid point mutants based upon missense mutations identified in growth-deficient Chlamydia trachomatis strains exhibited reduced, but not a complete loss of, phosphatase activity toward p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) and phosphopeptides. To more directly explore the importance of CppA in chlamydial development, we implemented a chemical "knockout" approach using derivatives of 5,5'-methylenedisalicylic acid (MDSA). Several MDSA derivatives significantly reduced CppA activity in vitro and the growth of C. trachomatis L2, C. trachomatis D, and Chlamydia muridarum in a cell culture infection model. The inhibition of C. trachomatis L2 growth was more pronounced when treated at earlier infection time points, and the removal of the inhibitors after 12 h postinfection did not rescue progeny production. Our findings revealed that altered CppA activity reduces chlamydial growth and that CppA function is likely crucial for early differentiation events. Collectively, our findings further support the importance of the protein phosphorylation network in chlamydial development.IMPORTANCEChlamydia is a significant cause of disease in humans, including sexually transmitted infections, the ocular infection trachoma, and pneumonia. Despite the critical roles of protein phosphatases in bacterial physiology, their function in pathogenesis is less clear. Our findings demonstrate that CppA, a broad-specificity type 2C protein phosphatase (PP2C), is critical for chlamydial development and further substantiate reversible phosphorylation as a key regulatory mechanism in Chlamydia Additionally, our work highlights the potential of CppA to serve as a novel target for future therapeutic strategies and supports the feasibility of designing more potent PP2C phosphatase inhibitors for Chlamydia and other pathogenic bacteria.

Avaliação dos efeitos do complexo B no processo de cicatrização de tecido mole em ratos Wistar / Evaluation of the effects of B complex on the healing process of Wistar rat soft tissue

Estudos mostram que as vitaminas do complexo B podem ser importantes no processo de cura e reparo. Considerando a escassez de estudos que avaliam o papel das vitaminas do complexo B no processo de cicatrização de feridas cirúrgicas e seu potencial uso em Odontologia, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do complexo B, aplicado por via tópica no processo de cicatrização de tecidos moles em ratos Wistar, além de comparar com o tratamento a laser. As feridas foram produzidas em 60 ratos Wistar. Duas lesões foram induzidas em cada rato, um com região dorsal e outro no palato duro, usando bisturi cirúrgico circular. Os animais foram divididos em 3 grupos: Grupo 1 (controle negativo) - tratado com 0,9% de solução fisiológica; Grupo 2 (controle positivo) - tratado com laser e Grupo 3 (experimental) ­ tratado com as vitaminas do complexo B. Os grupos receberam tratamentos diários durante 14 dias. Os diâmetros das lesões foram medidos a cada três dias. A cicatrização das lesões ocorreu em 14 dias, mostrando que a evolução dos animais tratados com as vitaminas do complexo B foi melhor durante o tratamento quando comparado ao grupo controle, podendo sugerir que as vitaminas do complexo B influenciam o processo de cicatrização de tecidos moles (AU).

Some previous studies have shown that the B complex vitamins may be important in the healing and repair process. Considering the scarcity of studies that evaluate the role of vitamin B complex in the process of surgical wound healing and its potential use in Dentistry, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the B complex applied by topical via on the healing process of soft tissues in Wistar rats and also to compare it with the laser treatment. Wounds were produced in 60 Wistar rats. Two lesions were induced in each rat, one in the dorsal region and other in the hard palate, using circular surgical scalpels. The animals were divided into 3 groups: Group 1 (negative control) - treated with 0.9% physiological solution, Group 2 (positive control) - treated with laser, and Group 3 (experimental) - treated with vitamin B complex. The groups received daily treatments for 14 days. The lesion diameters were measured every three days. The lesions healing occurred in 14 days, showing that evolution of the animals treated with vitamin B complex was better during the treatment, when compared to control group, what may suggest that vitamin B complex influenced the soft tissue healing process (AU).

Fundamentação científica do princípio de cura homeopático na farmacologia moderna / Scientific basis of the principle of homeopathic cure in modern pharmacology

Introdução: O modelo homeopático de tratamento utiliza o ‘princípio dos semelhantes’ como método terapêutico, administrando medicamentos que causam determinados sintomas em indivíduos sadios para tratar sintomas semelhantes em indivíduos doentes (similia similibus curantur), com o intuito de despertar uma reação secundária e curativa do organismo contra os seus próprios distúrbios. Essa reação secundária (vital, homeostática ou paradoxal) do organismo está embasada no ‘efeito rebote’ dos fármacos modernos, evento adverso observado após a descontinuação de diversas classes de drogas que utilizam o ‘princípio dos contrários’ (contraria contrariis curantur) como métodoterapêutico. Objetivo: Esta revisão visa fundamentar cientificamente o princípio de cura homeopático perante a farmacologia clínica e experimental, através do estudo sistemático do efeito rebote dos fármacos modernos ou reação paradoxal do organismo. Métodos: Empregando como fonte de referência os estudos e revisões sobre o tema que vimos publicando desde 1998, atualizamos os dados acrescentando pesquisas recentes citadasna base de dados PubMed. Resultados: O efeito rebote ocorre após a descontinuação de inúmeras classes de fármacos com ação terapêutica contrária aos sintomas das doenças, exacerbando-os a níveis superiores aos anteriores do tratamento. Independente da doença, da droga, da dose e da duração do tratamento, o fenômeno rebote se manifesta numa pequena proporção de indivíduos suscetíveis. Seguindo as premissas homeopáticas, osfármacos modernos também podem ser utilizados segundo o princípio da similitude terapêutica, empregando o efeito rebote (reação paradoxal) de forma curativa Conclusões: [...] Embora o fenômeno rebote seja um evento adversoestudado pela farmacologia moderna, ele não é conhecido pelos profissionais da saúde, privando a classe médica de um saber indispensável ao manejo seguro dos fármacos. (AU)

Introduction: Homeopathy employs the so-called ‘principle of similars’ as therapeutic method, which consists in administering medicines that cause certain symptoms in healthy individuals to treat similar symptoms in sick individuals (similia similibus curantur)to arouse a secondary and healing reaction by the body against its own disorders. This secondary (vital, homeostatic or paradoxical) reaction of the body is based on the ‘rebound effect’ of modern drugs, a type of adverse event that occurs following discontinuation of several classes of drugs prescribed according to the ‘principle of contraries’ (contraria contrariis curantur). Aim: The present review sought to scientifically substantiate the homeopathic healing principle vis-à-vis experimental and clinical pharmacology through a systematic study of the rebound effect of modern drugs or paradoxical reaction of the body. Methods: Employing as reference the studies and revisions on the subject that we have published since 1998, we updated the data adding recent studies cited in database PubMed. Results: The rebound effect occurs after discontinuation of several classes of drugs with contrary action to the symptoms of diseases, exacerbating them to levels above the ones present before treatment. Regardless of disease, drug, dose and duration of treatment, the rebound phenomenon manifests in a small proportion of susceptible individuals.[...] Conclusions: Evidenced in hundreds of studies that attest to the similarity of concepts and manifestations, the rebound effect of modern drugs scientifically substantiates the principle of homeopathic cure. Although the rebound phenomenon is an adverse event studied by modern pharmacology, it is not known by healthcare professionals, thus depriving doctors of knowledge indispensable for a safe management of drugs. (AU)

Scientific basis of the homeopathic healing principle in modern harmacology

Background: Homeopathy employs the so-called ‘principle of similars’ as therapeutic method - which consists in administering medicines that cause certain symptoms in healthy individuals to treat similar symptoms in sick individuals (similia similibus curantur) - to induce a secondary and healing reaction by the body against its own disorders. This secondary (vital, homeostatic or paradoxical) reaction of the body is based on the ‘rebound effect’ of modern drugs, a type of adverse event that occurs following discontinuation of several classes of drugs prescribed according to the ‘principle of contraries’ (contraria contrariis curantur). Aim: The present review sought to scientifically substantiate the homeopathic healing principle vis-à-vis experimental and clinical pharmacology through a systematic study of the rebound effect of modern drugs or paradoxical reaction of the body. Methods: Employing as reference studies and revisions on the subject published since 1998, we updated the data adding recent studies included in database PubMed. Results: The rebound effect occurs after discontinuation of several classes of drugs with action contrary to the symptoms of diseases, exacerbating them to levels above the ones before treatment. [...]. Following the homeopathic premises, modern drugs might also be used according to the principle oftherapeutic similitude, thus employing the rebound effect (paradoxical reaction) with curative intent. Conclusions: Evidenced by hundreds of studies that attest to the similarityof concepts and manifestations, the rebound effect of modern drugs scientifically substantiates the principle of homeopathic cure. Although the rebound phenomenon is anadverse event studied by modern pharmacology, it is not known by health care professionals, thus depriving doctors of knowledge indispensable for safe management ofdrugs. (AU)

Fundamentação científica do princípio de cura homeopático na farmacologia moderna / Scientific basis of the homeopathic healing principle in modern harmacology

Introdução: O modelo homeopático de tratamento utiliza o ‘princípio dos semelhantes’ como método terapêutico, administrando medicamentos que causam determinados sintomas em indivíduos sadios para tratar sintomas semelhantes em indivíduos doentes (similia similibus curantur), com o intuito de despertar uma reação secundária e curativa do organismo contra os seus próprios distúrbios. Essa reação secundária (vital, homeostática ou paradoxal) do organismo está embasada no ‘efeito rebote’ dos fármacos modernos, evento adverso observado após a descontinuação de diversas classes de drogas que utilizam o ‘princípio dos contrários’ (contraria contrariis curantur) como métodoterapêutico. Objetivo: Esta revisão visa fundamentar cientificamente o princípio de cura homeopático perante a farmacologia clínica e experimental, através do estudo sistemático do efeito rebote dos fármacos modernos ou reação paradoxal do organismo. Métodos: Empregando como fonte de referência os estudos e revisões sobre o tema que vimos publicando desde 1998, atualizamos os dados acrescentando pesquisas recentes citadasna base de dados PubMed. Resultados: O efeito rebote ocorre após a descontinuação de inúmeras classes de fármacos com ação terapêutica contrária aos sintomas das doenças, exacerbando-os a níveis superiores aos anteriores do tratamento. Independente da doença, da droga, da dose e da duração do tratamento, o fenômeno rebote se manifesta numa pequena proporção de indivíduos suscetíveis. Seguindo as premissas homeopáticas, osfármacos modernos também podem ser utilizados segundo o princípio da similitude terapêutica, empregando o efeito rebote (reação paradoxal) de forma curativa Conclusões: [...] Embora o fenômeno rebote seja um evento adversoestudado pela farmacologia moderna, ele não é conhecido pelos profissionais da saúde, privando a classe médica de um saber indispensável ao manejo seguro dos fármacos. (AU)

Fundamentação científica do princípio de cura homeopático na farmacologia moderna / Scientific basis of the homeopathic healing principle in modern pharmacology

INTRODUÇÃO: O modelo homeopático de tratamento utiliza o ‘princípio dos semelhantes’ como método terapêutico, administrando medicamentos que causam determinados sintomas em indivíduos sadios para tratar sintomas semelhantes em indivíduos doentes (similia similibus curantur), com o intuito de despertar uma reação secundária e curativa do organismo contra os seus próprios distúrbios. Essa reação secundária (vital, homeostática ou paradoxal) do organismo está embasada no ‘efeito rebote’ dos fármacos modernos, evento adverso observado após a descontinuação de diversas classes de drogas que utilizam o ‘princípio dos contrários’ (contraria contrariis curantur) como método terapêutico...

INTRODUCTION: Homeopathy employs the so-called ‘principle of similars’as therapeutic method, which consists in administering medicines thatcause certain symptoms in healthy individuals to treat similar symptomsin sick individuals (similia similibus curantur) to arouse a secondaryand healing reaction by the body against its own disorders. Thissecondary (vital, homeostatic or paradoxical) reaction of the body isbased on the ‘rebound effect’ of modern drugs, a type of adverseevent that occurs following discontinuation of several classes of drugsprescribed according to the ‘principle of contraries’ (contraria contrariiscurantur)....

Scientific basis of the homeopathic healing principle in modern harmacology

BACKGROUND: Homeopathy employs the so-called ‘principle of similars’ as therapeutic method - which consists in administering medicines that cause certain symptoms in healthy individuals to treat similar symptoms in sick individuals (similia similibus curantur) - to induce a secondary and healing reaction by the body against its own disorders. This secondary (vital, homeostatic or paradoxical) reaction of the body is based on the ‘rebound effect’ of modern drugs, a type of adverse event that occurs following discontinuation of several classes of drugs prescribed according to the ‘principle of contraries’ (contraria contrariis curantur). AIM: The present review sought to scientifically substantiate the homeopathic healing principle vis-à-vis experimental and clinical pharmacology through a systematic study of the rebound effect of modern drugs or paradoxical reaction of the body. METHODS: Employing as reference studies and revisions on the subject published since 1998, we updated the data adding recent studies included in database PubMed. RESULTS: The rebound effect occurs after discontinuation of several classes of drugs with action contrary to the symptoms of diseases, exacerbating them to levels above the ones before treatment. [...]. Following the homeopathic premises, modern drugs might also be used according to the principle oftherapeutic similitude, thus employing the rebound effect (paradoxical reaction) with curative intent. CONCLUSIONS: Evidenced by hundreds of studies that attest to the similarityof concepts and manifestations, the rebound effect of modern drugs scientifically substantiates the principle of homeopathic cure. Although the rebound phenomenon is anadverse event studied by modern pharmacology, it is not known by health care professionals, thus depriving doctors of knowledge indispensable for safe management of drugs.

Efeito rebote dos fármacos modernos: evento adverso grave desconhecido pelos profissionais da saúde / Rebound effect of modern drugs: Serious adverse event unknown by health professionals

OBJETIVO: Apoiado no aforismo hipocrático primum non nocere, o princípio bioético da não maleficência roga que o ato médico cause o menor dano ou agravo à saúde do paciente, incumbindo ao médico avaliar os riscos de determinada terapêutica por meio do conhecimento dos possíveis eventos adversos das drogas. Dentre esses, o efeito rebote representa um efeito colateral comum a inúmeras classes de fármacos modernos, podendo causar transtornos graves e fatais nos pacientes. Esta revisão tem o objetivo de esclarecer os profissionais da saúde sobre os aspectos clínicos e epidemiológicos do fenômeno rebote. MÉTODOS: Uma revisão qualitativa, exploratória e bibliográfica foi realizada na base de dados PubMed utilizando os unitermos 'rebound', 'withdrawal', 'paradoxical', 'acetylsalicylic acid', 'anti-inflammatory', 'bronchodilator', 'antidepressant', 'statin', 'proton pump inhibitor' and 'bisphosphonate' RESULTADOS: O efeito rebote ocorre após a descontinuação de inúmeras classes de fármacos com ação contrária aos distúrbios da doença, exacerbando-os a níveis superiores aos anteriores do tratamento. Independente da doença,dadrogaedaduração do tratamento, o fenômeno se manifesta numa pequena proporção de indivíduos suscetíveis. No entanto, pode causar eventos adversos graves e fatais, devendo ser considerado um problema de saúde pública em vista do enorme consumo de fármacos pela população CONCLUSÃO: Reunindo um corpo de evidências crescente e inquestionável, o médico precisa ter conhecimento das consequências do efeito rebote e de como minimizá-lo, aumentando a segurança no manejo das drogas modernas. Por outro lado, este efeito rebote pode ser utilizado de forma curativa, ampliando o espectro da terapêutica moderna.

OBJECTIVE: Supported in the Hippocratic aphorism primum non nocere, the bioethical principle of non-maleficence pray that the medical act cause the least damage or injury to the health of the patient, leaving it to the doctor to assess the risks of a particular therapy through knowledge of possible adverse events of drugs. Among these, the rebound effect represents a common side effect to numerous classes of modern drugs, may cause serious and fatal disorders in patients. This review aims to clarify the health professionals on clinical and epidemiological aspects of rebound phenomenon. METHODS: A qualitative, exploratory and bibliographic review was held in the PubMed database using the keywords 'rebound', 'withdrawal', 'paradoxical', 'acetylsalicylic acid', 'anti-inflammatory', 'bronchodilator', 'antidepressant', 'statin', 'proton pump inhibitor' and 'bisphosphonate'. RESULTS: The rebound effect occurs after discontinuation of numerous classes of drugs that act contrary to the disease disorders, exacerbating them at levels above those prior to treatment. Regardless of the disease, the drug and duration of treatment, the phenomenon manifests itself in a small proportion of susceptible individuals. However, it may cause serious and fatal adverse events should be considered a public health problem in view of the enormous consumption of drugs by population. CONCLUSION: Bringing together a growing and unquestionable body of evidence, the physician needs to have knowledge of the consequences of the rebound effect and how to minimize it, increasing safety in the management of modern drugs. On the other hand, this rebound can be used in a curative way, broadening the spectrum of the modern therapeutics.

Rebound effect of modern drugs: serious adverse event unknown by health professionals.

OBJECTIVE: Supported in the Hippocratic aphorism primum non nocere, the bioethical principle of non-maleficence pray that the medical act cause the least damage or injury to the health of the patient, leaving it to the doctor to assess the risks of a particular therapy through knowledge of possible adverse events of drugs. Among these, the rebound effect represents a common side effect to numerous classes of modern drugs, may cause serious and fatal disorders in patients. This review aims to clarify the health professionals on clinical and epidemiological aspects of rebound phenomenon. METHODS: A qualitative, exploratory and bibliographic review was held in the PubMed database using the keywords 'rebound', 'withdrawal', 'paradoxical', 'acetylsalicylic acid', 'anti-inflammatory', 'bronchodilator', 'antidepressant', 'statin', 'proton pump inhibitor' and 'bisphosphonate'. RESULTS: The rebound effect occurs after discontinuation of numerous classes of drugs that act contrary to the disease disorders, exacerbating them at levels above those prior to treatment. Regardless of the disease, the drug and duration of treatment, the phenomenon manifests itself in a small proportion of susceptible individuals. However, it may cause serious and fatal adverse events should be considered a public health problem in view of the enormous consumption of drugs by population. CONCLUSION: Bringing together a growing and unquestionable body of evidence, the physician needs to have knowledge of the consequences of the rebound effect and how to minimize it, increasing safety in the management of modern drugs. On the other hand, this rebound can be used in a curative way, broadening the spectrum of the modern therapeutics.

Erlotinib induced trichomegaly of the eyelashes.

Epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been widely used for non-small-cell lung cancer patients. Its untoward cutaneous effects are largely well known and developed in many patients treated with EGFR TKIs. However trichomegaly of eyelash is rarely reported. Although trichomegaly is not a drug-limiting side effect, it could be troublesome of continuing the treatment because of cosmetic issue or eyeball irritation by long eyelashes. Therefore clinicians are needed to pay attention to this uncommon effect. We herein describe erlotinib induced trichomegaly of eyelashes in a woman with adenocarcinoma of the lung.

Erlotinib Induced Trichomegaly of the Eyelashes / 결핵및호흡기질환

Epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been widely used for non-small-cell lung cancer patients. Its untoward cutaneous effects are largely well known and developed in many patients treated with EGFR TKIs. However trichomegaly of eyelash is rarely reported. Although trichomegaly is not a drug-limiting side effect, it could be troublesome of continuing the treatment because of cosmetic issue or eyeball irritation by long eyelashes. Therefore clinicians are needed to pay attention to this uncommon effect. We herein describe erlotinib induced trichomegaly of eyelashes in a woman with adenocarcinoma of the lung.

Novos sedativos hipnóticos / The newer sedative-hypnotics

Nas últimas décadas houve um esforço para o desenvolvimento de hipnóticos mais seguros e eficazes. Zolpidem, zaleplona, zopiclona, eszopiclona (drogas-z) e indiplona são moduladores do receptor GABA-A, os quais agem de forma seletiva na subunidade α1, exibindo, desta forma, mecanismos similares de ação, embora evidências recentes sugiram que a eszopiclona não seja tão seletiva para a subunidade α1 quanto o zolpidem. Ramelteon e tasimelteon são novos agentes crono-hipnóticos seletivos para os receptores de melatonina MT1 e MT2. Por outro lado, nos últimos anos, o consumo de drogas antidepressivas sedativas tem aumentado significativamente no tratamento da insônia. Como droga experimental, a eplivanserina tem sido testada como um potente agonista inverso do subtipo 5-HT2A da serotonina, com um uso potencial na dificuldade da manutenção do sono. Outro agente farmacológico para o tratamento da insônia é o almorexant, o qual apresenta um novo mecanismo de ação envolvendo antagonismo do sistema hipocretinérgico, desta forma levando à indução do sono. Finalmente, também discutiremos o potencial papel de outras drogas gabaérgicas no tratamento da insônia.

There has been a search for more effective and safe hypnotic drugs in the last decades. Zolpidem, zaleplon, zopiclone, eszopiclone (the z-drugs) and indiplon are GABA-A modulators which bind selectively α1 subunits, thus, exhibiting similar mechanisms of action, although recent evidence suggests that eszopiclone is not as selective for α1 subunit as zolpidem is. Ramelteon and tasimelteon are new chrono-hypnotic agents, selective for melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptors. On the other hand, the consumption of sedative antidepressant drugs is significantly increasing for the treatment of insomnia, in the last years. As an experimental drug, eplivanserin is being tested as a potent antagonist of serotonin 2-A receptors (ASTAR) with a potential use in sleep maintenance difficulty. Another recent pharmacological agent for insomnia is almorexant, which new mechanism of action involves antagonism of hypocretinergic system, thus inducing sleep. Finally we also discuss the potential role of other gabaergic drugs for insomnia.

Anti-inflamatórios não esteroides: Efeitos cardiovasculares, cérebro-vasculares e renais / Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and renal effects

Os anti-inflamatórios não esteroides (AINEs) encontram-se entre os medicamentos mais prescritos em todo o mundo. Essa classe heterogênea de fármacos inclui a aspirina e vários outros agentes inibidores da ciclo-oxigenase (COX), seletivos ou não. Os AINEs não seletivos são os mais antigos, e designados como tradicionais ou convencionais. Os AINEs seletivos para a COX-2 são designados COXIBEs. Nos últimos anos, tem sido questionada a segurança do uso dos AINEs na prática clínica, particularmente dos inibidores seletivos da COX-2. As evidências sobre o aumento do risco cardiovascular com o uso de AINEs são ainda incompletos, pela ausência de ensaios randomizados e controlados com poder para avaliar desfechos cardiovasculares relevantes. Entretanto, os resultados de estudos clínicos prospectivos e de meta-análises indicam que os inibidores seletivos da COX-2 exercem importantes efeitos cardiovasculares adversos, que incluem aumento do risco de infarto do miocárdio, acidente vascular cerebral, insuficiência cardíaca, insuficiência renal e hipertensão arterial. O risco desses efeitos adversos é maior em pacientes com história prévia de doença cardiovascular ou com alto risco para desenvolvê-la. Nesses pacientes, o uso de inibidores da COX-2 deve ser limitado àqueles para os quais não há alternativa apropriada e, mesmo assim, somente em doses baixas e pelo menor tempo necessário. Embora os efeitos adversos mais frequentes tenham sido relacionados à inibição seletiva da COX-2, a ausência de seletividade para essa isoenzima não elimina completamente o risco de eventos cardiovasculares, de modo que todos os fármacos do largo espectro dos AINEs somente devem ser prescritos após consideração do balanço risco/benefício.

The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most often prescribed drugs in the world. This heterogeneous class of drugs includes aspirin and several other selective or non-selective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors. The non-selective NSAIDs are the oldest ones and are called traditional or conventional NSAIDs. The selective NSAIDs are called COX-2 inhibitors. In recent years, the safety of NSAID use in clinical practice has been questioned, especially that of the selective COX-2 inhibitors. The evidence on the increase in cardiovascular risk with the use of NSAIDs is still scarce, due to the lack of randomized and controlled studies with the capacity of evaluating relevant cardiovascular outcomes. However, the results of prospective clinical trials and meta-analyses indicate that the selective COX-2 inhibitors present important adverse cardiovascular effects, which include increased risk of myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident, heart failure, kidney failure and arterial hypertension. The risk of these adverse effects is higher among patients with a previous history of cardiovascular disease or those at high risk to develop it. In these patients, the use of COX-2 inhibitors must be limited to those for which there is no appropriate alternative and, even in these cases, only at low doses and for as little time as possible. Although the most frequent adverse effects have been related to the selective COX-2 inhibition, the absence of selectiveness for this isoenzyme does not completely eliminate the risk of cardiovascular events; therefore, all drugs belonging to the large spectrum of NSAIDs should only be prescribed after consideration of the risk/benefit balance.

Antidepressant behavioral effects of duloxetine and amitriptyline in the rat forced swimming test / Efeitos antidepressivos da duloxetina e da amitriptilina no teste do nado forçado em ratos

PURPOSE: To compare the effects of the antidepressant drugs duloxetine and amitriptyline on depressive behaviors in rats. METHODS: Fifteen male Wistar rats were given systemic injections of duloxetine, amitriptyline or saline prior to a Forced Swimming Test (FST). Immobility and number of stops were measured. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Kruskall-Wallis. RESULTS: Rats given injections of duloxetine displayed fewer stops than the amitriptyline and control group (p< 0.05). The control group and Amitriptyline showed no difference (p=0.8). CONCLUSION: Duloxetine reduced depressive behaviors in the Forced Swimming Test been more effective than amitriptyline.

OBJETIVO: Comparar o efeito antidepressivo da droga cloridrato de duloxetina com a amitriptilina. MÉTODOS: O teste do nado forçado, teste comportamental que avalia a atividade antidepressiva em ratos, foi utilizado em 15 ratos Wistar, machos adultos, divididos em três grupos iguais: duloxetina, amitriptilina e controle. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste One-way ANOVA e Kruskall-Wallis. RESULTADOS: Houve diferença significativa entre o número de paradas (p <0,05) entre os grupos duloxetina e amitriptilina e o grupo controle. Grupo amitriptilina e controle não apresentaram diferença (p=0,8). CONCLUSÃO: A duloxetina reduziu o comportamento depressivo sendo mais efetiva do que a amitriptilina.

Antidepressant behavioral effects of duloxetine and fluoxetine in the rat forced swimming test

PURPOSE: To compare the effects of the antidepressant drugs duloxetine and fluoxetine on depressive behaviors in rodents. METHODS: Eighteen male Wistar rats were given systemic injections of duloxetine, fluoxetine, or saline prior to a Forced Swimming Test (FST). Immobility and number of stops were measured. RESULTS: Rats given injections of fluoxetine displayed significantly less immobility (p = 0.02) and fewer stops than the control group (p = 0.003). Duloxetine significanlty reduced the number of stops (p = 0.003), but did not effect immobility (p = 0.48). CONCLUSION: Duloxetine and fluoxetine reduced depressive behaviors in the Forced FST. However, our findings suggest that fluoxetine is more effective than duloxetine.

OBJETIVO: Comparar o efeito antidepressivo da droga cloridrato de duloxetina com a fluoxetina. MÉTODOS: O teste do nado forçado, teste comportamental que avalia a atividade antidepressiva em ratos, foi utilizado em 18 ratos Wistar, machos adultos, divididos em três grupos iguais: duloxetina, fluoxetina e controle. RESULTADOS: Os dados do teste do nado forçado foram analisados pelo teste One-way ANOVA, Mann Whitney e Kruskall-Wallis.Houve diferença significativa (p = 0,003) entre o número de paradas dos grupos duloxetina e fluoxetina e o grupo controle. CONCLUSÃO: A duloxetina e a fluoxetina tiveram frequência de paradas similares. A fluoxetina mostrou ser mais efetiva que a duloxetina no teste do nado forçado em ratos.

Fatos e mitos sobre imunomoduladores / Facts and myths about immunomodulators

O objetivo deste artigo é discutir alguns fatos dos imunomoduladores modernos que podem ser úteis para o dermatologista clínico. Outro objetivo importante é o de dissipar mitos que possam ter impacto negativo no uso dessas drogas pelo clínico. O foco inicial está em imunomoduladores estimuladores que podem conduzir à acentuação da resposta normal das células imunocompetentes. Para tanto, diversos aspectos associados à regulação do sistema imune e às vias regulatórias das células do sistema imune são mencionados. Discutem-se a regulação aberrante e seu impacto no sistema imune e examina-se a classe de drogas imunossupressoras que têm sua função bem estabelecida. Diversas drogas não foram mencionadas. A razão para isso é o foco do artigo que pretende cobrir os fatos bem estabelecidos ou os mitos que as novas evidências científicas modificaram. Com esse padrão em mente, é provável que exista uma quantidade considerável de similaridade nos conceitos, uma vez que descrevem drogas imunomoduladoras. Nesse contexto, a intenção de fornecer novas perspectivas de como o sistema imune pode ser modulado por essas drogas supera esse problema.

The objective of this article is to discuss some facts of modern immunomodulators that might be useful for clinical dermatology. Moreover, it aims to dispel myths that might have a negative impact on the use of such drugs by clinicians. The primary focus is on immunomodulators that stimulate and may enhance the normal response of immunocompetent cells. Therefore, several aspects associated to immune system regulation, and regulatory pathways of immune cells are also mentioned. Furthermore, aberrant regulation is discussed in the context of immunomodulator use and the impact this has on the immune system. This review also examines the class of immunosuppressive drugs and their wellestablished function. Several drugs were not mentioned since the article focuses on well accepted facts or myths that new scientific evidences have changed. With that in mind, it is likely that there is a considerable amount of similarity in concepts, given that they describe immunomodulating drugs. In this context, the intention to provide important insight into how the immune system can be modulated by theses drugs surpasses this problem.